Oxidative stress resistance gene

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to plants, especially transgenic plants, plant parts and plant cells overproducing an iron binding protein (e.g. ferritin) and having an enhanced resistance against a wide range of abiotic and biotic oxidative stress conditions (e.g. against treatment with paraquat or fusaric acid and against viral, bacterial and fungal infections). The invention also comprises nucleic acid sequences encoding an alfalfa ferritin or functional variants thereof and the use of said sequences for rendering plants resistant against oxidative stress conditions.  
     The invention is useful for reducing environmental damages of crops caused by a wide variety of stress conditions.

[0001] The present invention relates to plants, especially transgenic plants, plant parts and plant cells overproducing an iron binding protein (e.g. ferritin) and having an enhanced resistance against a wide range of abiotic and biotic oxidative stress conditions (e.g. against treatment with paraquat or fusaric acid and against viral, bacterial and fungal infections). The invention also comprises nucleic acid sequences encoding an alfalfa ferritin or functional variants thereof and the use of said sequences for rendering plants resistant against oxidative stress conditions.

[0002] The invention is useful for reducing environmental damages of crops caused by a wide variety of stress conditions.

[0003] With respect to the present specification and claims, we will use the following technical terms in accordance with the given definitions. With regard to the interpretation of the present invention, it shall be understood that the below defined terms are used in accordance with the given definitions even if said definitions might not be in perfect harmony with the usual interpretation of said technical term.

[0004] A “functional variant” of a protein is a polypeptide the amino acid sequence of which can be derived from the amino acid sequence of the original protein by the substitution, deletion and/or addition of one or more amino acid residue in a way that, in spite of the change in the amino acid sequence, the functional variant retains at least a part of at least one of the biological activities of the original protein that is detectable for a person skilled in the art. A functional variant is generally at least 50% homologous (i.e. the amino acid sequence of it is 50% identical), advantageously at least 70% homologous and even more advantageously at least 90% homologous to the protein from which it can be derived. Any functional part of a protein or a variant thereof is also termed functional variant.

[0005] The term “overproducing” is used herein in the most general sense possible. A special type of molecule (usually a polypeptide or an RNA) is said to be “overproduced” in a cell if it is produced at a level significantly and detectably higher (e.g. 20% higher) than natural level. Overproduction of a molecule in a cell can be achieved via both traditional mutation and selection techniques and genetic manipulation methods. The term “ectopic expression” is used herein to designate a special realisation of overproduction in the sense that, for example, an ectopically expressed protein is produced at a spatial point of a plant where it is naturally not at all (or not detectably) expressed, that is, said protein is overproduced at said point.

[0006] A plant, plant part, a plant tissue or a plant cell is said to have an enhanced resistance against a damaging effect, eg. damaging agent, if it can tolerate a significantly and detectably (e.g. at least 20%) stronger damaging effect, eg. dose or intensity of damaging agent, of the same type, without suffering any detectable damage, than its natural counterpart would do.

[0007] Within the framework of the present description a “ferritin protein” is defined, as it is usual in the art, as a protein capable binding iron ions (Theil E. C., 1987, Ann. Rev. Biochem. 56:289-315). The members of the eucariotic ferritin family are highly conserved both in their amino acid sequence and three dimensional structure (Lobréaux, S. et al., 1992, Biochem. J. 288:931-939).

[0008] The term “oxidative stress” is again used in very general sense comprising all kind of abiotic (e.g. treatment with different chemical agents or exposure to extreme weather conditions like high or low temperature or drought) and biotic (infection by different infectious agents) stress conditions in the manifestation of damaging effects of which oxidatively induced active radicals play a detectable role.

[0009] During their different developmental stages plants are exposed to an extremely wide range of both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. It is, thus, a very important task of high economic significance to develop new breeding stocks of enhanced general stress resistance.

[0010] Under stress conditions such as high light intensity, UV-B irradiation, heavy metal contamination, high or low temperature, water deficiency, flooding, wounding, infection by viruses, bacteria, fungi, damage caused by insects and the like, oxygen toxicity can significantly contribute to the damage of crop plants. Reactive oxygen species as singlet oxygen, superoxide radical (O₂), hydroxyl radical (OH⁺) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) play a key role in injury of stressed plants. There is good evidence that the biological damage attributed to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide is dependent on the presence of iron. The intracellular pool of free iron can react with H₂O₂ or O₂ ⁻ giving rise to the very reactive hydroxyl radical via Haber-Wiess or Fenton reaction (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1984, Biochem. J. 219:1-14). Intracellularly, most of the non-metabolised iron is sequestered in ferritin; therefore ferritin is able to restrict the availability of iron and so the generation of the very reactive hydroxyl radicals. cDNAs encoding ferritin have been isolated from variety of plant species. These proteins are highly conserved both in amino acids sequence and three dimension structure (Lobreoux S. et al. 1992, Biochem. J. 288:931-939.). Ferritins are localised in chloroplasts and iron can activate their synthesis (Seckbach, J. 1982, J. Plant. Nutr. 5:369-394; Lobréaux et al. 1992, Plant Mol. Biol. 19:563-575). Under normal growth conditions ferritin is synthesised only in embryo and not in vegetative organs, like roots and leaves (Lobréaux and Briat: Biochem. J. 1991, 274:601-606).

[0011] Significant antioxidant effect of ferritin molecules can be expected in systems where ferritin synthesis and degradation is released from the normal metabolic regulation. It has been demonstrated that during oxidative stress conditions, degradation of ferritin molecules occurs and the so released iron ions highly accelerate the production rate of the damaging radical species (Cairo et al. 1995, Journal of Biochemical Chemistry 270:700-703).

[0012] Numerous traditional plant breeding and genetic manipulation approaches are known in the art for improving the resistance of specific crops against preselected desired stress conditions (e.g. against cold, drought, UV light or pathogens). These known methods, however, will not be individually detailed herein as they are all highly different from the approach of the invention. The common feature of all these previously disclosed approaches is that they enhance the resistance of different plants against a single preselected stress condition (or against a limited groups of stress conditions of the same origin) e.g. by expressing a specific resistance gene. However, no specific approach providing plants with resistance against a wide range of both abiotic and biotic stress conditions is known in the art.

[0013] It is, thus, an object of the present invention to provide a novel and general method suitable to provide crops, especially transgenic crops, with enhanced resistance against a wide range of both abiotic and biotic stress conditions.

[0014] According to another aspect, it is also an object of the invention to provide crops and breeding material, advantageously transgenic, having increased resistance against a wide range of both abiotic and biotic stress conditions.

[0015] On the basis of the foregoing disclosure it has, thus, became clear to the inventors that a substantially new genetic manipulation approach is to be developed so as to achieve the above defined objects, possibly targeting a common step in the damaging mechanism of the different abiotic and biotic stress conditions.

[0016] The approach of the present invention is, thus, based on the novel theoretical concept that overproducing or ectopically expressing ferritin or other iron binding proteins, e.g. transferrins, in different organs of plants will lower the intracellular iron concentration and, therefore, reduce the damaging effects of oxygen induced free radicals. It is important to emphasise hereby that the approach of the invention is absolutely novel, as there is no method disclosed in the art that would provide plants with resistance against a wide range of both abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Furthermore, there is no approach disclosed so far according to which a ferritin protein is overproduced in plants for any reason in any manner.

[0017] Therefore, to achieve the above-defined objects of the invention we have cloned a ferritin cDNA gene from alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) and overproduced it in vegetative tissues of tobacco plants.

[0018] It was found, that in accordance with the basic concept of the invention, the transgenic tobacco plants expressing the alfalfa ferritin ectopically in their vegetative tissues show significantly higher resistance towards both abiotic (treatment with different chemicals) and biotic (viral, bacterial and fungal infections) stress conditions than the starting tobacco plants and transformants show improved general adaptation and regeneration characteristics, as well.

[0019] It should be also emphasised that according to the basic concept of the invention it is probable that overproduced ferritin molecules express their general protective effect via binding free iron ions in the plant cells, it can be assumed that by overproducing other iron binding proteins, such as transferring, a similar protective effect could be achieved.

[0020] The present invention, therefore, provides plant cells overproducing an iron binding protein and having an enhanced resistance against oxidative stress. The plants of the invention are advantageously produced by genetic manipulation methods known per se but can also be produced via traditional mutation and selection techniques. The transformed plants of the invention show significantly higher resistance to oxidative stress conditions than their unmodified counterparts not expressing elevated levels of an iron binding protein.

[0021] The plant cells according to the invention are advantageously transgenic cells transformed by the introduction of a nucleic acid, eg in the form of vector, coding for the expression of an iron binding protein, advantageously ferritin.

[0022] According to preferred embodiments of the invention there are provided plant cells of the invention are overproducing a ferritin having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No 2 as shown in the attached sequence listing, or a functional variant thereof, said functional variant being advantageously at least 50%, more advantageously at least 70% and even more advantageously at least 90% homologous to said ferritin polypeptide.

[0023] The invention further provides plants, advantageously transgenic plants, and parts thereof comprising cells according to the invention.

[0024] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the intensity of the photosynthetic reactions is not decreased following a 70 hours treatment with 10 μM paraquat in the leaves of the plants of the invention.

[0025] Plant, plant parts or plant cells according to the invention advantageously have an enhanced resistance against fusaric acid treatment and/or infections of viral and/or bacterial and/or fungal origin.

[0026] The invention also provides isolated, enriched, cell free and/or recombinant nucleic acids of sequence comprising or consisting of a nucleotide sequence coding for an alfalfa ferritin having the sequence of SEQ ID No: 2, as shown in the sequence listing included herewith, and functional variants thereof. Preferably the nucleic acids have homology of at least 90% with that of SEQ ID No 1 (the DNA sequence in FIG. 1), more preferably at least 95% and most preferably at least 98%. Preferably these nucleic acids are cDNAs, recombinant vectors or other recombinant constructs.

[0027] The invention also comprises the use of these nucleic acids for the preparation of plant cells, plant parts and plants according to the invention.

[0028] The present disclosure and examples below demonstrate that synthesis of the iron binding protein ferritin in vegetative tissues of plants provides resistance against paraquat generated free radicals. In agreement with this observation we have also demonstrated a significant reduction of the symptoms after infection of the transgenic plants of the invention with a wide range of unrelated pathogens. This novel technology according to the present invention based on ectopic expression of an iron binding protein, therefore, potentially has high agronomic significance in that it may reduce primary oxidative damage in crops caused by either biotic or abiotic stress conditions.

[0029] Though not wishing to be bound to any theoretical interpretation, we think that the above findings support the assumption that iron ions are more effectively bound in the plants according to the invention as a consequence of the overproduction of an iron binding protein (ferritin) and, therefore, damage caused by oxygen induced free radicals are reduced and general adaptation and regenerative properties of the plants of the invention are improved. Plants according to the invention will also be able to show resistance against other stress conditions not tested so far, e.g. against extremely low or high temperatures and drought, where such iron mediated degeneration is implicated.

[0030] Though it is considered to be quite clear from the above disclosure for a person skilled in the art, we also wish to emphasise here the universality of the approach according to the invention. We have demonstrated that ectopical expression of an iron binding protein of alfalfa origin in vegetative tissues confers resistance to transgenic tobacco plants against a wide variety of stress conditions. As the pioneering approach of the invention is based on the absolutely general concept of reducing the concentration of iron ions in the targeted tissues of plants, a person skilled in the art will understand that the advantages of the invention can not be restricted to the specific embodiments shown but this novel approach for ensuring general stress resistance to plants can be used in the case of any other crops of agronomic or horticultural significance.

[0031] It is also demonstrated that the ectopic overexpression of the embryo specific alfalfa ferritin in vegetative tissues of tobacco plants, using two different types of promoters (one of plant and the one of viral origin) is not at all damaging to the targeted tissue. It should, thus, be contemplated that any type of plant specific promoters (either constitutive or spatially and/or developmentally regulated) can be used in the invention for the overexpression of an iron binding protein in the desired plant part or tissue.

[0032] As the concentration of harmful radicals is usually the highest in the photosynthesising green tissues, these tissues are the first useful targets of the approach according to the invention. It should be understood, however, that, because of its above demonstrated highly universal basic concept, the invention is not at all limited to conferring stress resistance to green tissues, but it is also useful for making resistant all other plant parts of interest (e.g. root, stem, flower, fruit or specific parts of the foregoing) supposedly exposed to any kind of oxidative stress conditions (e.g. to infection by any type of pathogens).

FIGURES

[0033]FIG. 1.

[0034] The nucleotide sequence of ferritin cDNA isolated from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and the deduced amino acid sequence. The underlined part corresponds to the transit peptide.

[0035]FIG. 2.

[0036] Comparison of ferritin amino acid sequences from different species. HuHfer: human H subunit (Boyd et al. 1985, J. Biol. Chem. 260:11755) HoLfer: horse spleen L-chain (Heuterspreute and Chrichton 1981, FEBS Lett. 129:322) Peafer: pea seed ferritin (Lobreoux S. et al. 1992, J. Biochem. 288:931) Msfer1: alfalfa ferritin (unpublished)

[0037]FIG. 3

[0038] Accumulation of ferritin mRNAs in vegetative tissues of transgenic tobacco plants according to the invention.

[0039]FIG. 4.

[0040] Detection of ferritin in cell extract from leaves of transgenic tobacco plants according to the invention after SDS-PAGE.

[0041]FIG. 5.

[0042] Detection of ferritin in cell extract from leaves of transgenic tobacco plants according to the invention by using FLAG antibody in western blot analysis.

[0043]FIG. 6

[0044] Changes in fluorescence intensity (Fv/Fm) in leaf discs from SR1 control and C3 transformed plants of the invention during treatment with 10 μM paraquat.

[0045]FIG. 7.

[0046] Changes in fluorescence intensity (Fv/Fm) in leaf discs from SR1 control and various transformed plants according to the invention after treatment with 10 and 20 μM paraquat.

[0047]FIG. 8.

[0048] The chlorophyll content in leaves of control SR1 and transformed plants of the invention after 3 day-treatment with 10 and 20 μM paraquat.

[0049] Some preferred embodiments and the concept of the invention will be further illustrated by way of the below experimental examples. It shall be understood, however, that the examples below are presented only for more comprehensive understanding of the spirit of the invention and are no way illustrative or limiting as to the scope of the invention, which is, in turn, defined in the attached claims.

[0050] In the below examples, we demonstrate numerous advantages of the of the invention as reduced to practice. We have isolated a full length cDNA clone (MsFER1) encoding a novel alfalfa ferritin polypeptide and used this cDNA for the expression of ferritin in vegetative tissues of transgenic tobacco plants under the transcriptional control of different promoters. After biochemically characterising the ferritin expressing transgenic tobacco plants, we have demonstrated that most of them have a significantly enhanced resistance against different abiotic (treatment with damaging chemical agents) and biotic (infections with viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens) stress conditions of very different origin.

EXAMPLE 1

[0051] Identifying a full length alfalfa ferritin cDNA (MsFER1) clone and determining the nucleic acid and deduced amino acid sequence thereof

[0052] For constructing a cDNA library and isolating the cDNA clone coding for ferritin, the usual methods of recombinant DNA technology were used as described in “Molecular cloning, A Laboratory Manual” (2. edition, Cold Spring Harbour N.Y, 1989) by Sambrook J., Fritsch, F. F. and Maniatis T.

[0053] Specifically, the alfalfa ferritin cDNA clone was isolated as follows.

[0054] Total cellular RNA was isolated from in vitro cultured alfalfa tissues primarily consisting of somatic embryos. Small amounts of callus tissues were also present in the samples (Cathala et al. 1983, DNA, 2:329-335). The formation of somatic embryos was induced by applying auxin (2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) shock as described by Dudits et al. (1991, J. Cell Science, 99:473-482.).

[0055] Then, mRNA was purified from the total cellular RNA isolate by oligo-dT cellulose chomatography (Aviv H. and Leder P. 1972, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69:1408-1412.).

[0056] First strand cDNA was then synthesised with AMV reverse transcriptase in the presence of oligo dT primer. The second strand was produced by DNA polymerase I. After RNase H treatment, cDNA was annealed into a PstI digested pGEM2 vector (Promega) after dC and dG homolinker addition with terminal transferase. The products were transformed into E. coli MC 1061 strain and selected by 100 mg/l ampicillin. 2.5×10⁵ primary transformants were produced by using 25 μg cDNA. Ninety-six percent of the clones comprised a cDNA insert of significant size. The procedure is described in detail by De Loose et al. (1988, Gene 70:13-23).

[0057] Fifty ESTs were then identified by randomly sequencing preselected cDNA clones. Pharmacia T7 Sequencing Kit or USB Sequenase 2.0 kit were used for sequencing according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Preselection was done by Northern hybridising the cDNA clones with an RNA probe prepared from somatic embryos. Strongly hybridising clones were selected.

[0058] Sequence alignment based on GenBank and EMBL data bank revealed one cDNA clone (designated as MsFER1) with high homology to the known ferritins at the deduced amino acid sequence. FIG. 1 presents both nucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 1) and amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) of the MsFER1 clone. The cDNA insert comprised in this clone is 1036 bp long and the coding region is found between positions 40 and 789. The encoded protein is composed by 251 amino acids and it shares high amino acid sequence identity with ferritins of different origin. As shown in FIG. 2, plant ferritins share 39-49% amino acid identity with the human H and the horse L ferritins, while the sequences of the pea and the alfalfa ferritins are very similar to each other (89% of amino acid identity) in the mature protein. The two plant ferritins, however, significantly differ in their regions corresponding to the chloroplasts leader sequence. Here the identity is only 47% in the amino acid sequence. Therefore, the newly described alfalfa ferritin can be considered as a novel variant in the ferritin family.

EXAMPLE 2

[0059] Introduction of the alfalfa ferritin cDNA into tobacco plants for ectopic expression of this protein in vegetative tissues

[0060] The applied transformation technology is based on the Agrobacterium gene delivery system reviewed by Hinchee et al. “Plant Cell and Tissue Culture” pp. 231-270, eds. I. K. Vasil T. A Thorpe, Kluwer Academic Publisher 1994. In the present Examples we have used the system with vectors described by Pellegrineschi et al. (1995, Biochemical Society Transitions 23:247-250).

[0061] The MsFER1 cDNA was cloned into the BamHI/KpnI sites of the transformation vector where it was functionally attached to the promoter of the small subunit gene of ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase. This promoter is originally described by Mauer and Chui (1985, Nucleic Acid Res. 7:2373-2387) and is especially useful for expression in the green tissues of plants. The transgenic clones obtained after transforming tobacco plants named as A2, C3 and C8 carry this construct. Alternatively, the MsFER1 cDNA was also linked to the viral promoter CaMV35S described by Benfey et al. (1989, The EMBO J. 8:2195-2202). For cloning the fall length construct we used the following PCR primer synthesised in a Per Septives automated DNS synthesiser.

CCG AAT TCC ATG GCT CTT TCA GCT TCC (SEQ ID NO: 3)

[0062] Eco RI site coding region of the ferritin transit peptide

[0063] We have also generated a truncated version of MsFER1 cDNA that lacks a significant part of the targeting leader sequence (see FIG. 1). In this cloning procedure we used the following PCR primer:

GGG AAT TCC ATG GAT GGT GAT AAG AGG (SEQ ID NO: 4)

[0064] Eco RI site coding region within the transit peptide

[0065] The above mentioned oligonucleotides and T7 sequencing primer (Boehringer Mannheim) were used for PCR amplification of the defined DNA fragments (Mullis and Faloona 1987, Meth. Enzymol. 155:335).

[0066] The EcoRI/KpnI digested PCR products (the KpnI restriction site originates from the T7 primer sequence) were cloned into the pFLAG-ATS vector (Scientific Imaging System Kodak, USA) digested with the same restriction enzymes. The presence of the FLAG sequence in these constructs enables the immunological tracking of the protein synthesis by using the Anti Flag M2 antibody (Scientific Imaging System Kodak, USA).

[0067] For generating full FLAG FERR and partial (pt) FLAG FERR constructs we synthesised the following Bam-Flag oligonucleotide:

CGG ATC CAT GGA CTA CAA GGA CGA GGA (SEQ ID NO: 5)

[0068] BamHI site MET FLAG coding sequence

[0069] Using this primer and the C24 sequencing primer of the pFLAG vector PCR products were produced and cloned into the transformation vector at BamHI/KpnI sites.

[0070] The so constructed binary vectors were mobilised into an Agrobacterium strain. Tobacco leaf discs were then co-cultured with the Agrobacterium cells and transformants were selected on kanamycin containing medium as described by Claes et al. (1991. The Plant Journal 1:15-26). Primary transformants were self-pollinated and T2 plants were further characterised.

EXAMPLE 3

[0071] Molecular evidence for ectopic synthesis of ferritin in transgenic tobacco plants

[0072] Northern blot hybridisation was firstly used to show the functional activity of the introduced constructs. Northern hybridisation was done according to the widely used protocols (Sambrook J., Fritsch F. F. and Maniatis T.: “Molecular cloning, A Laboratory Manual” 2. edition, Cold Spring Harbour N.Y., 1989). First, total RNA samples were isolated from the vegetative tissues of the transformants (see Cathala et al. 1983, DNA 2:329-335). After agarose gel electrophoresis in formaldehyde, RNA was transferred onto Hybond-N filters (Amersham, Inc.). Radiolabelled probes were generated by random-primed ³²P-labelling (Freinberg A. P. and Vogelstein B. 1983. Anal. Biochem. 137:266-267). After 4-12 hours of prehybridisation in the presence of formaldehyde, the hybridisation was carried out at 42° C. for 16-24 hours. Washing conditions were as follows: 65-72° C., 0.1×SSC, 0.1% SDS. As shown on FIG. 3, significant amounts of ferritin mRNA accumulated in the transformed plants.

[0073] Synthesis of ferritin was analysed by biochemical methods after partial purification as described by Laulhere and Laulhere (1989, J. Biol. Chem. 264:3629-3635). After SDS-PAGE, the protein profiles of the control SRI plants and the transformants (C3, A2, C8) differed significantly. The later ones accumulated variable amounts of ferritin having a molecular mass of 26 kDa (FIG. 4). Using the FLAG detection system we could also show the synthesis of ferritin by chemiluminescence (Super Sigfnal^(RM)-CL-HRP System, Pierce) in several transgenic tobacco plants (FIG. 5). The presented molecular data convincingly show the lack of ferritin in the control plants and accumulation of this protein in vegetative tissues of the transformants.

EXAMPLE 4

[0074] Ectopic synthesis of ferritin provides oxidative stress resistance for transgenic plants

[0075] To test the basic concept of this invention we have analysed the paraquat (Pq) resistance of control and transformed tobacco plants. It is well documented that electrons produced during photosynthetic electron transport reduce Pq and free radicals are formed (Ashton F. M. and Crafts A. S. 1981, Mode of action of herbicides, Wiley, New York). Leaf discs from control and transformed plants were exposed to 10 or 20 μM Pq.

[0076] Functional damage was monitored by measuring the light activated fluorescence with PAM fluorimeter as described by Vass I. et al. (1996. Biochemistry, 35:8964-8973). As an example, FIG. 6 shows the loss of photosynthetic function in the control SR1 leaves after 60 hours of 10 μM Pq treatment, while the C3 transformant retained its photosynthetic activity during the period analysed. Similar responses can be observed after Pq treatment of two other transformants (Full9, Pt2) in which the ferritin gene is expressed under the control of the CaMV35S promoter. These experiments were repeated several times (see also FIG. 7) and the functional characterisation convincingly proved the paraquat-resistance in the case of the transformants. This resistance can also be seen when the changes in chlorophyll contents are monitored (FIG. 8).

[0077] Using Pq as the inducer of free radicals, the presented results support the conclusion that transformed plants synthesising ferritin in their vegetative tissues express elevated tolerance against damage caused by free radicals. Here we have to mention that the analysed transformed plants lack any visible alterations during their growth under greenhouse conditions. The photosynthetic function of transformants is similar to the control SR1 plants . Under control conditions these plants exhibit normal chlorophyll content (FIG. 8).

EXAMPLE 5

[0078] Transformed plants overproducing ferritin have enhanced resistance against fusaric acid treatment

[0079] The involvement of free radicals in pathogenicity has been proposed by K. E. Hammond-Kosack and J. D. G. Jones (1996, The Plant Cell 8:1773-1791). Therefore, we have tested the development of symptoms on transformants expressing the alfalfa ferritin gene in green tissues. First, we analysed the effects of fusaric acid as a non-specific fungal toxin. Fusaric acid in different concentrations was injected into control (SR1) and transgenic (A2, C3 and C8) tobacco leaves. 2 days after injection we analysed the degree of necrotization on leaf tissues. Table 1 summarises the results of 3 experiments. TABLE 1 Reduced necrotization in transformed plants expressing ferritin after fusaric acid treatment 2.5 × 10⁻³ M 1.25 × 10⁻³ M 2.5 10⁻³ M SR1 XXX (100%)  XX(X)   (73%) XXX (100%) A2 X (28%) −(X) (16.5%) X(X)  (50%) C3 X (65%) −(X) (16.5%) X(X)  (50%) C8 X (70%) X(X)   (50%) XX (73.5%) 

[0080] The presented data show considerable reduction of necrotization on the leaves of the transformed plants. These results also promise enhanced resistance against damages caused by fungal infections.

EXAMPLE 6

[0081] Transformed plants overproducing ferritin have enhanced resistance against Pseudomonas infection

[0082] Along the same concept, we have injected Pseudomonas syringae bacterium suspension (10⁷/ml) into the leaves of tobacco plants. After 20 hours, the degree of necrotization (HR) were analysed. Table 2. summarises the results indicating reduced necrosis in two transgenic lines (A2, C8). TABLE 2 The degree of necrotization after bacterial infection Exp. A Exp. B SR1 100% 100% full necrosis A2  20% 30% C3 100% 100% C8  30% 35%

[0083] The above data demonstrates that at least two of the transformants (A2 and C8) have a significantly enhanced resistance against the damages caused by bacterial infection.

EXAMPLE 7

[0084] Transformed plants overproducing ferritin have enhanced resistance against Botrytis and Alternaria fungal infection

[0085] We have tested the response of transgenic lines according to Ex. 2 against two fungal pathogens such as Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea. Leaves were detached and inoculated with agar block (5 mm diam) from the fungal culture. Table 3 summarises the sizes of necrotised leaf areas of the treated control and transformant plants. TABLE 3 Effect of fungal pathogens on transformed plants Alternaria alternata Botrytis cinerea Tobacco mm² % mm² % SR1  723.4 ± 224.0 100.0  516.9 ± 118.4 100.0 A2 204.1 ± 50.2 28.2  278.3 ± 101.6 53.8 C3 286.5 ± 59.6 39.6 56.9 ± 6.7 11.0 C8 198.2 ± 85.2 27.4 290.5 ± 89.5 56.2 PT1  543.2 ± 163.2 75.1  497.7 ± 117.7 96.3 PT2  407.0 ± 123.6 56.3 334.8 ± 80.4 64.8 PT5  520.1 ± 140.1 71.9 257.5 ± 56.5 49.8 Full4 268.9 ± 14.5 37.2 317.1 ± 62.8 61.3 Full5 435.0 ± 55.3 60.1 476.1 ± 96.1 92.1 Full9 113.4 ± 63.0 15.7  278.3 ± 101.6 53.8

[0086] From the above data, one can conclude that the transformed tobacco plants—comprising either the full or the truncated version of the ferritin gene—expressing ferritin in their leaves show significantly reduced symptoms (though in variable degree) in comparison with control plants.

EXAMPLE 8

[0087] Transformed plants overproducing ferritin have enhanced resistance against tobacco necrotic virus (TNV) infection

[0088] In the infection of plants with viruses oxygen generation plays an essential role in pathogenicity. Therefore we have tested the responses of the transformed and control (SR1) plant against tobacco necrotic virus (TNV) infection (Table 4). TABLE 4 Reduction of number and area of lesion in transformed tobacco plants after TNV infection Experiment 1 SR1 (control) 17.4 ± 2.5 (total lesion, cm²) C3 (transformant)  6.4 ± 1.4 C8 (transformant)  6.5 ± 1.2 A2 (transformant)  6.1 ± 1.7 Experiment 2 SR1 (control)  50.0 ± 10.0 (number of lesions)  35.8 ± 21.7 Pt1 (transformant) 25.8 ± 7.3 Pt2 (transformant) 12.5 ± 8.4 Pt5 (transformant)  18.7 ± 12.3 Pt9 (transformant) 38.3 ± 8.6 Full4 (transformant)  45.0 ± 19.1 Full5 (transformant)  32.0 ± 16.8 Full6 (transformant) 46.2 ± 6.1 Full9 (transformant)  21.7 ± 13.7

[0089] As shown in Table 4, significant reduction in number of lesions can be recognised in transformed tobacco lines carrying the alfalfa ferritin gene under the control of promoter from small subunit of RUBISCO (C3, C8 and A2). It might have a functional significance that among the transformed lines expressing the ferritin gene under the control of the CaMV35S promoter, two lines expressing the truncated ferritin gene showed the most significant reduction in the symptoms.

0 SEQUENCE LISTING <160> NUMBER OF SEQ ID NOS: 6 <210> SEQ ID NO 1 <211> LENGTH: 1036 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Medicago sativa <220> FEATURE: <221> NAME/KEY: transit_peptide <222> LOCATION: (40)..(201) <221> NAME/KEY: CDS <222> LOCATION: (40)..(789) <400> SEQUENCE: 1 ctcaattttc tcaacgaccc tttttgttat tcttcttta atg gct ctt tca gct 54 Met Ala Leu Ser Ala 1 5 tcc aaa gtt tcg atc ttt tca cca tca cct atc gtg ggt cat ttc tca 102 Ser Lys Val Ser Ile Phe Ser Pro Ser Pro Ile Val Gly His Phe Ser 10 15 20 aaa aac acc act ttt tct tct ttg aat ctt cct atg gat ggt gat aag 150 Lys Asn Thr Thr Phe Ser Ser Leu Asn Leu Pro Met Asp Gly Asp Lys 25 30 35 agg aag aac gtg aag gtt cat gct gct gct gca aat gca cca acg gca 198 Arg Lys Asn Val Lys Val His Ala Ala Ala Ala Asn Ala Pro Thr Ala 40 45 50 tta aca ggt gtt atc ttt gaa ccg ttt gaa gaa gtc aag aaa gat gtt 246 Leu Thr Gly Val Ile Phe Glu Pro Phe Glu Glu Val Lys Lys Asp Val 55 60 65 ctt gct gtt cct att gct cat aat gtt tcc ttg gct cgt cag aat tat 294 Leu Ala Val Pro Ile Ala His Asn Val Ser Leu Ala Arg Gln Asn Tyr 70 75 80 85 caa gat gaa gtt gaa tct gct atc aat gaa cag att aat gtg gaa tac 342 Gln Asp Glu Val Glu Ser Ala Ile Asn Glu Gln Ile Asn Val Glu Tyr 90 95 100 aat gtt tcc tat gtg tac cac tct ttg ttt gca tac ttt gac aga gac 390 Asn Val Ser Tyr Val Tyr His Ser Leu Phe Ala Tyr Phe Asp Arg Asp 105 110 115 aac gtt gct ctc aag gga ctt gcc aag ttc ttt aag gaa tct agt gag 438 Asn Val Ala Leu Lys Gly Leu Ala Lys Phe Phe Lys Glu Ser Ser Glu 120 125 130 gaa gaa aga gag cat gct gag aag ctc atg aaa tac cag aat att cgt 486 Glu Glu Arg Glu His Ala Glu Lys Leu Met Lys Tyr Gln Asn Ile Arg 135 140 145 ggt gga aga gtg gtg ctg cac cct att gtg agc cct ccc tcg gaa ttt 534 Gly Gly Arg Val Val Leu His Pro Ile Val Ser Pro Pro Ser Glu Phe 150 155 160 165 gat cat gca gaa aag gga gat gca tta tat gcc atg gaa ttg gct ctg 582 Asp His Ala Glu Lys Gly Asp Ala Leu Tyr Ala Met Glu Leu Ala Leu 170 175 180 tct ttg gag aag tta gta aat gag aaa ctt ctg aat gtt cac agt gtg 630 Ser Leu Glu Lys Leu Val Asn Glu Lys Leu Leu Asn Val His Ser Val 185 190 195 gct gat cgt aac aat gat cct caa ttg gca aat ttc atc gag agc gag 678 Ala Asp Arg Asn Asn Asp Pro Gln Leu Ala Asn Phe Ile Glu Ser Glu 200 205 210 ttt ttg gta gag cag gtt gaa tca att aag aag ata tca gag tat gtg 726 Phe Leu Val Glu Gln Val Glu Ser Ile Lys Lys Ile Ser Glu Tyr Val 215 220 225 act caa ctg aga tta gtt gga aag ggt cac ggt gtg tgg cac ttt gat 774 Thr Gln Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Lys Gly His Gly Val Trp His Phe Asp 230 235 240 245 cag act ctt ctc cat tgattaatat gatgtttgat cttgaagaag ctacgtgttg 829 Gln Thr Leu Leu His 250 tttttacatt actggaatag tgaataaatg aaatgtattc tcctaggtaa ttttagaacg 889 tagaagctgt gtgtaatatt ttagttgctt agtaagaatt atgtgtagaa gacttggagc 949 cataataact gtttgtagct tgcagaaatt attttgttag aaatgaaaat gagcttggct 1009 attactacta aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaa 1036 <210> SEQ ID NO 2 <211> LENGTH: 250 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Medicago sativa <400> SEQUENCE: 2 Met Ala Leu Ser Ala Ser Lys Val Ser Ile Phe Ser Pro Ser Pro Ile 1 5 10 15 Val Gly His Phe Ser Lys Asn Thr Thr Phe Ser Ser Leu Asn Leu Pro 20 25 30 Met Asp Gly Asp Lys Arg Lys Asn Val Lys Val His Ala Ala Ala Ala 35 40 45 Asn Ala Pro Thr Ala Leu Thr Gly Val Ile Phe Glu Pro Phe Glu Glu 50 55 60 Val Lys Lys Asp Val Leu Ala Val Pro Ile Ala His Asn Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Ala Arg Gln Asn Tyr Gln Asp Glu Val Glu Ser Ala Ile Asn Glu Gln 85 90 95 Ile Asn Val Glu Tyr Asn Val Ser Tyr Val Tyr His Ser Leu Phe Ala 100 105 110 Tyr Phe Asp Arg Asp Asn Val Ala Leu Lys Gly Leu Ala Lys Phe Phe 115 120 125 Lys Glu Ser Ser Glu Glu Glu Arg Glu His Ala Glu Lys Leu Met Lys 130 135 140 Tyr Gln Asn Ile Arg Gly Gly Arg Val Val Leu His Pro Ile Val Ser 145 150 155 160 Pro Pro Ser Glu Phe Asp His Ala Glu Lys Gly Asp Ala Leu Tyr Ala 165 170 175 Met Glu Leu Ala Leu Ser Leu Glu Lys Leu Val Asn Glu Lys Leu Leu 180 185 190 Asn Val His Ser Val Ala Asp Arg Asn Asn Asp Pro Gln Leu Ala Asn 195 200 205 Phe Ile Glu Ser Glu Phe Leu Val Glu Gln Val Glu Ser Ile Lys Lys 210 215 220 Ile Ser Glu Tyr Val Thr Gln Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Lys Gly His Gly 225 230 235 240 Val Trp His Phe Asp Gln Thr Leu Leu His 245 250 <210> SEQ ID NO 3 <211> LENGTH: 250 <212> TYPE: PRT <213> ORGANISM: Unknown Organism <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Description of Unknown Organism: we do not have this information <400> SEQUENCE: 3 Met Ala Leu Ser Ala Ser Lys Val Ser Ile Phe Ser Pro Ser Pro Ile 1 5 10 15 Val Gly His Phe Ser Lys Asn Thr Thr Phe Ser Ser Leu Asn Leu Pro 20 25 30 Met Asp Gly Asp Lys Arg Lys Asn Val Lys Val His Ala Ala Ala Ala 35 40 45 Asn Ala Pro Thr Ala Leu Thr Gly Val Ile Phe Glu Pro Phe Glu Glu 50 55 60 Val Lys Lys Asp Val Leu Ala Val Pro Ile Ala His Asn Val Ser Leu 65 70 75 80 Ala Arg Gln Asn Tyr Gln Asp Glu Val Glu Ser Ala Ile Asn Glu Gln 85 90 95 Ile Asn Val Glu Tyr Asn Val Ser Tyr Val Tyr His Ser Leu Phe Ala 100 105 110 Tyr Phe Asp Arg Asp Asn Val Ala Leu Lys Gly Leu Ala Lys Phe Phe 115 120 125 Lys Glu Ser Ser Glu Glu Glu Arg Glu His Ala Glu Lys Leu Met Lys 130 135 140 Tyr Gln Asn Ile Arg Gly Gly Arg Val Val Leu His Pro Ile Val Ser 145 150 155 160 Pro Pro Ser Glu Phe Asp His Ala Glu Lys Gly Asp Ala Leu Tyr Ala 165 170 175 Met Glu Leu Ala Leu Ser Leu Glu Lys Leu Val Asn Glu Lys Leu Leu 180 185 190 Asn Val His Ser Val Ala Asp Arg Asn Asn Asp Pro Gln Leu Ala Asn 195 200 205 Phe Ile Glu Ser Glu Phe Leu Val Glu Gln Val Glu Ser Ile Lys Lys 210 215 220 Ile Ser Glu Tyr Val Thr Gln Leu Arg Leu Val Gly Lys Gly His Gly 225 230 235 240 Val Trp His Phe Asp Gln Thr Leu Leu His 245 250 <210> SEQ ID NO 4 <211> LENGTH: 27 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Unknown Organism <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Description of Unknown Organism: Other nucleic acid - “synthetic oligonucleotide ” <400> SEQUENCE: 4 ccgaattcca tggctctttc agcttcc 27 <210> SEQ ID NO 5 <211> LENGTH: 27 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Unknown Organism <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Description of Unknown Organism: other nucleic acid - “synthetic oligonucleotide” <400> SEQUENCE: 5 gggaattcca tggatggtga taagagg 27 <210> SEQ ID NO 6 <211> LENGTH: 27 <212> TYPE: DNA <213> ORGANISM: Unknown Organism <220> FEATURE: <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Description of Unknown Organism: other nucleic acid - “synthetic oligonucleotide” <400> SEQUENCE: 6 cggatccatg gactacaagg acgagga 27 

1. A plant cell which overproduces an iron binding protein characterised in that the protein is at least 90% homologous to that of SEQ ID No
 2. 2. A plant cell of claim 1 characterised in that the iron binding protein has at least 50% sequence identity to the protein having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No
 2. 3. A plant cell according to claims 1 or 2 characterised in that it has been transformed by the introduction of a nucleic acid coding for the expression of an iron binding protein.
 4. A plant cell of any one of claims 1 to 3 characterised in that the iron binding protein is a ferritin.
 5. A plant or a plant part comprising a cell according to anyone of claims 1 to 4 .
 6. A plant or plant part according to claim 5 in the leaves of which the intensity of the photosynthetic reactions is not decreased by more than 10% following, a 70 hours treatment with 10 μM paraquat.
 7. A plant or plant part as claimed in claim 6 characterised in that the intensity is not decreased following the treatment.
 8. A plant or a plant part according to claims 5, 6 or 7 characterised in that it has an enhanced resistance against fusaric acid treatment and/or infections of viral and/or bacterial and/or fungal origin.
 9. A plant or plant part as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 8 characterised in that the iron binding protein is ectopically expressed in vegetative tissues.
 10. A plant or plant part as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9 characterised in that the protein is expressed under control of a promoter comprising the ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase small subunit gene promoter.
 11. A plant as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 10 characterised in that the protein is truncated at the N-terminal transit region.
 12. Use of a nucleotide sequence coding for a ferritin having the sequence of SEQ ID No 1 or a sequence having at least 90% homology thereto for the preparation of a plant cell, plant or plant part as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11 .
 13. Use of a nucleotide sequence encoding for an iron binding protein as a molecular biological agent for transforming a plant cell, plant or plant part for the purpose of making the plant cell, plant or part resistant to oxidative stress.
 14. Use as claimed in claim 13 , characterised in that it is for making the plant cell, plant or part resistant to the damaging effects of abiotic and biotic stresses.
 15. Use as claimed in claim 14 characterised in that the stresses include one or more of oxidatively induced free radicals, viral, bacterial and fungal infections, low and high temperatures and drought.
 16. Use as claimed in claim 14 characterised in that the stresses include all of oxidatively induced free radicals, and viral, bacterial and fungal infections
 17. Isolated, enriched, cell free and/or recombinant nucleic acid comprising the sequence SEQ ID No 1 or having at least 90% homology therewith or complementary sequences to such sequences.
 18. Nucleic acid as claimed in claim 17 having at least 95% homology therewith or a complementary sequence thereto.
 19. Nucleic acid as claimed in any one of claims 16 to 18 not including a ferritin leader sequence from Medicago saliva L.
 20. A method of providing crops in an environment subject to oxidative stress whereby the crop is able to resist at least 20% increased oxidative stress as compared to a naturally provided counterpart crops characterised in that it comprises transforming a natural counterpart crop plant cell or plant with a nucleotide sequence encoding for an iron binding protein and growing said plant in that environment.
 21. A method or use as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 16 and 20 characterised in that the nucleotide sequence encodes for a ferritin of at least 90% homology to that of SEQ ID No
 2. 